linux

How to Add a User to a Group in Linux

Add a user to a supplementary group in Linux with usermod -aG, gpasswd -a, or adduser on Debian. Verify with id, apply changes with newgrp or re-login, and avoid the missing -a mistake.

Omer Cakmak7 min read
linux

Configure BIND Primary and Secondary DNS on RHEL Linux

Configure BIND primary and secondary DNS on RHEL-family Linux with allow-transfer, slave zones, named-chroot on Rocky Linux 8, and dig verification after AXFR zone replication.

Deepak Prasad10 min read
linux

How to Exclude Users from pam_faillock Lockout in RHEL

Learn how to exclude selected users from pam_faillock account lockout on RHEL, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, and Oracle Linux using authselect and PAM rules.

Omer Cakmak10 min read
devops

How to configure or build ceph storage cluster in Openstack ( CentOS 7 )

Step by step guide to build ceph storage cluster in Openstack CentOS 7 Linux on virtual machine. Confiure OSD, mon using ceph-deploy tool for ceph cluster

Deepak Prasad12 min read
linux

RHEL kernel-core vs kernel and kernel-modules Explained

Understand kernel-core on RHEL, the difference between kernel, kernel-modules-core and kernel-modules, which packages you need, and how DNF updates them safely.

Omer Cakmak8 min read
linux

How to Update the Kernel on RHEL with DNF

Update the kernel safely on RHEL with DNF. Check available versions, install the latest kernel, verify the default boot entry, reboot, and confirm the new kernel.

Omer Cakmak8 min read
linux

RHEL Patch Management: Security Updates, CVEs and DNF Patching

Learn RHEL patch management with DNF: identify security advisories and CVEs, apply security-only updates, patch specific RHSA or CVEs, and verify remediation.

Omer Cakmak13 min read
linux

How to Fix "There Are No Enabled Repositories" on RHEL

Fix "There are no enabled repositories" on RHEL by checking DNF repositories, system registration, BaseOS/AppStream, Subscription Manager, and offline repository configuration.

Omer Cakmak9 min read
linux

How to Safely Remove Old Kernels Using DNF or YUM

Remove old Linux kernels safely on RHEL, Rocky Linux and AlmaLinux with dnf remove --oldinstallonly, protecting the running kernel and a bootable fallback.

Omer Cakmak7 min read
linux

How to Downgrade RPM Packages in Linux with DNF and YUM

Downgrade an installed RPM package on RHEL-family systems with dnf downgrade, install an exact older build, handle common errors, and lock the version with versionlock.

Omer Cakmak8 min read
system-administration

How to Rebuild initramfs on RHEL with dracut

Rebuild the initramfs image with dracut for one kernel or every installed kernel, add storage and network drivers, and inspect the result with lsinitrd.

Omer Cakmak17 min read
linux

How to Get RHEL for Free with a Developer Subscription

Get RHEL at no cost with the Red Hat Developer Subscription for Individuals: create an account, activate the subscription, pick the Boot or DVD ISO, and verify the download.

Deepak Prasad21 min read
linux

Register RHEL with Subscription Manager

Register RHEL with subscription-manager, verify Simple Content Access, enable BaseOS and AppStream repositories, configure a proxy, and unregister.

Deepak Prasad12 min read
linux

Reset the Root Password on RHEL 10

Reset a forgotten root password on RHEL 10 from the GRUB menu with rd.break, remount /sysroot, chroot, passwd, and SELinux autorelabel before you log in again.

Deepak Prasad15 min read
system-administration

Manage Linux Users and Groups

Manage Linux users and groups with useradd, usermod, userdel, groupadd, primary and supplementary groups, account defaults, and ownership checks.

Deepak Prasad15 min read
system-administration

Configure Chrony Time Synchronization in Linux

Configure Chrony NTP on Linux, verify time synchronization with chronyc, force clock correction, troubleshoot sync problems, and optionally serve LAN clients.

Deepak Prasad15 min read
linux

Linux Boot Process Explained: From UEFI and GRUB to systemd

Learn the Linux boot process from UEFI or BIOS through GRUB, the kernel, initramfs, and systemd, with inspection commands and troubleshooting.

Deepak Prasad25 min read
linux

Create and Roll Back Linux System Snapshots with snapm

Create coordinated LVM snapshot sets with snapm, boot into a snapshot through Boom and GRUB, inspect an earlier system state, revert failed changes, monitor snapshot capacity, and delete snapshot sets on Rocky Linux …

Deepak Prasad11 min read
linux

Migrate ISC DHCP Server to Kea DHCP

Convert an existing dhcpd.conf to Kea JSON with KeaMA, correct unsupported directives, test reservations and leases on an isolated lab, compare DHCP offers, and cut over from ISC DHCP to Kea with a tested rollback path.

Deepak Prasad16 min read
linux

Configure Kea DHCP Server on Rocky Linux, RHEL, and AlmaLinux

Install and configure the Kea DHCPv4 server on Rocky Linux 10, RHEL 10, or AlmaLinux 10 with a JSON address pool, gateway and DNS options, MAC reservation, and lease verification on an isolated lab network.

Deepak Prasad17 min read
linux

Analyze Linux Performance with perf and debuginfod

Use perf stat, perf record, and perf report on Linux to find CPU bottlenecks, collect call graphs, and resolve symbols with debuginfod on Rocky Linux, RHEL, Debian, Ubuntu, and other distributions.

Deepak Prasad20 min read
linux

Install LEMP Stack on Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, and RHEL

Install Nginx, MariaDB, PHP, and PHP-FPM on Rocky Linux, RHEL, AlmaLinux, or Oracle Linux, then verify the complete LEMP stack with a PHP database test.

Omer Cakmak11 min read
linux

Install LAMP Stack on Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, and RHEL

Install Apache, MariaDB, PHP, and PHP-FPM on Rocky Linux, RHEL, AlmaLinux, or Oracle Linux, then verify the complete LAMP stack with a PHP database test.

Deepak Prasad12 min read
linux

Install PHP 8.4 on Rocky Linux, RHEL, AlmaLinux, and Oracle Linux

Install PHP 8.4 from native AppStream php8.4-* packages on RHEL 10.2+, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, Oracle Linux, or CentOS Stream 10 when dnf info php8.4 confirms availability, then configure php-fpm and verify Apache or …

Deepak Prasad11 min read
linux

Upgrade PHP 8.3 to 8.4 on Rocky Linux, RHEL, AlmaLinux, and Oracle Linux

Replace native PHP 8.3 packages with php8.4-* RPMs on EL 10, back up configuration, check application compatibility, migrate PHP-FPM settings, verify web applications, troubleshoot failures, and roll back if required.

Deepak Prasad15 min read
linux

Configure BIND DNS Server on RHEL, Rocky Linux, and AlmaLinux

Install and configure BIND on RHEL, Rocky Linux, or AlmaLinux with forward and reverse zones, controlled recursion, NetworkManager clients, and dig testing.

Deepak Prasad15 min read
linux

Install PostgreSQL 18 on RHEL, Rocky Linux, and AlmaLinux

Install PostgreSQL 18 on RHEL, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, Oracle Linux, or CentOS Stream using native packages or PGDG, then initialize and verify the server.

Deepak Prasad21 min read
linux

Migrate Network Scripts and ifcfg Files to NetworkManager

Migrate legacy network-scripts and ifcfg profiles to NetworkManager keyfiles on RHEL, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, Oracle Linux, and CentOS Stream before upgrading to a release that no longer reads ifcfg files.

Deepak Prasad15 min read
linux

Post-Quantum Cryptography in Linux: ML-KEM, ML-DSA, TLS, and SSH

Learn how to check ML-KEM support in TLS, create ML-DSA signatures, and verify post-quantum SSH key exchange on Linux, with tested Rocky Linux examples.

Deepak Prasad22 min read
linux

Configure DNS over TLS with NetworkManager on RHEL 10

Enable DNS over TLS on RHEL 10.1 or later with NetworkManager, dnsconfd, and unbound, then verify upstream DNS uses encrypted TCP port 853.

Deepak Prasad13 min read