Latest Articles - Page 46

lvreduce returns free extents from a logical volume to the volume group. Shrink the filesystem first on ext4 — data in the removed region is destroyed. Root LV shrink requires offline maintenance.

lvrename changes the name of a logical volume inside a volume group. The LV UUID and data stay the same — update fstab, boot loaders, and refresh device-mapper after renaming root or data volumes.

lvremove deletes logical volumes from a volume group and frees their extents. Unmount filesystems first — active or open LVs block removal unless you force.

lvchange activates or deactivates logical volumes and updates runtime attributes — read-only access, contiguous allocation, readahead, and metadata refresh after renames.

vgcreate groups one or more physical volumes into a volume group — the storage pool from which logical volumes are allocated. It can initialize PVs automatically if they are not already labeled.

lvcreate allocates logical volumes from free extents in a volume group. Create linear volumes, snapshots, and size-by-percentage LVs before you mkfs and mount.

parted creates and edits partition tables on disks and loop images — GPT or msdos labels, primary and logical partitions, resize, flags, and scripted one-liners. It is the GNU replacement for classic fdisk on large disks …

On RHEL 8+, Fedora, Rocky Linux, and AlmaLinux, dnf is the default RPM package manager. It installs and removes software from repositories, resolves dependencies with libsolv, and keeps a transaction history you can …

On RHEL 7, CentOS 7, and other legacy RPM systems, yum installs and removes packages from configured repositories. It resolves dependencies, supports package groups, and records transaction history for undo and rollback.

sysctl reads and writes Linux kernel tunables under /proc/sys. Use sysctl -w for temporary changes, drop files in /etc/sysctl.d/, then sysctl -p or sysctl --system to reload without rebooting — except for parameters that …

On RHEL, Fedora, and related RPM distros, yum and dnf record each install, update, and remove in a SQLite history. Use history list, info, undo, redo, and rollback to reverse transactions — not a substitute for backups …

On RHEL, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, and Fedora, grubby is a command-line tool for listing and editing GRUB2 boot entries. It changes default kernels and kernel arguments without hand-editing grub.cfg or running …

Walk a directory tree with grep -r or -R, narrow results with --include and --exclude-dir, and list matching files with -l, -L, and --null. This page covers recursive tree search only — not regex engines or pattern …

SFTP transfers files over SSH. This page covers non-interactive one-liners — URL-style paths, batch files (-b), here-documents, and sshpass patterns — for scripts and cron jobs, not an interactive SFTP shell tutorial.

On RHEL and CentOS, lsyncd watches local directories with inotify and triggers rsync (or rsync over SSH) to mirror changes to another path or host. It is a lightweight live-sync daemon for slowly changing trees.

mount attaches a filesystem (block device, loop file, NFS export, or ISO image) to a directory tree. umount detaches it. fstab lists mounts applied at boot with mount -a.

zip packages and compresses files into a .zip archive. unzip extracts them. Common tasks include recursive directory archives, exclusions, password protection, and listing contents without extracting.

The pssh package provides parallel-ssh, parallel-scp, parallel-slurp, parallel-nuke, and parallel-rsync — Python tools that fan out SSH, copy, and rsync jobs across many hosts from one control node using a host list file …

wget downloads files over HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP without a browser. It supports resume, retries, mirrors, batch URL lists, and quiet automation from scripts and cron jobs.

which reports the pathname of an executable that would run for a given command name, searching directories in PATH in order. It answers which file the shell would start — not whether that file exists on disk in general.

lzop compresses single files with the LZO algorithm and writes .lzo archives. It favors speed over the smallest possible size — useful when you need quick one-file compression without building a tar archive.

xz compresses single files into the .xz format using LZMA2. It replaces the original by default, supports integrity tests, preset levels, and pairs with tar for .tar.xz archives.

bzip2 compresses single files with the Burrows–Wheeler algorithm. By default it replaces the original with a .bz2 file; use -k to keep the source, or pipe to tar for directory archives.

apt-cache reads the local APT package index without network access. Use it to search package names, inspect versions and pinning policy, and trace forward or reverse dependencies before install or removal.

chattr sets filesystem-level attributes on ext2, ext3, and ext4 — immutable (+i) blocks edits and deletion even for root; append-only (+a) allows only adds at the end. Pair it with lsattr to inspect flags before …

ipcs lists System V IPC facilities in the kernel — shared memory segments, message queues, and semaphore arrays. Use it to see what applications allocated, who owns each object, and whether limits are close to …

vmstat prints process, memory, swap, I/O, and CPU activity from /proc. The first sample is often a summary since boot; repeating with a delay shows live trends for quick performance checks.

apt is the high-level package manager on Debian and Ubuntu. It refreshes repository indexes, installs and removes packages with dependency resolution, and queries metadata from configured sources.

chage views and edits password aging fields in /etc/shadow — maximum password age, warning days, inactivity lock, and account expiry. Use it to enforce rotation policy or set temporary accounts without editing shadow by …

chgrp changes the group owner of files and directories without touching the user owner. Use it for shared project trees, web roots, and fixing group mismatches after restores.